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The unusual strength of explosions caused by a pulsed current flowing through water plasma was first noticed in 1907 by Trowbridge (1) in his early high voltage laboratory at Harvard University. When he passed an arc through a spray of water, the resulting explosion was louder than in ordinary laboratory air. During the second world war, Frungel measured the strength of water arc explosions and published his results in 1948 (2). He concluded that they were not caused by heat and steam and freely admitted that he was unable to explain the phenomenon. Soon after Frungel's publications, water arc explosions found applications in electrohydraulic metal forming(3) and underwater pulse echo sounding (4). In 1969, the US Bureau of Mines issued a long report on their investigation into using water arc explosions for rock fragmentation (5).
In one experiment the investigators at the Twin City Mining Research Center noticed that the energy output was apparently 156% of the input.
Not until the mid-1980s was the scientific basis of the puzzling explosions more extensively researched. At MIT (6,7). It was shown that the discharge of 3.6 kJ of stored capacitor energy would create pressures in excess of 20.000 atm. In 7 ml of water. 3.6 gm of water was ejected from an accelerator barrel at a velocity of the order of 1000m/s, sufficient to penetrate a ¼" thick aluminium plate (8). While not in all, but in many discharges under differing experimental conditions of varying capacitance, initial voltage and water volume, the kinetic energy of the water jet was larger than the electrical energy that had been stored in the capacitor bank.
The data shown in figure 2 reveals both the over unity performance of the water accelerator and as well further evidence that the amount of energy released depends on the energy stored in the hydrogen bonds. It can be seen that the temperature of the water which is directly related to the extra vibrational energy in the hydrogen bonding network has a direct effect on the energy of the fog jet.
Mono-atomic H and O gas, which is very nice as you get larger gas volumes and a more reactive fuel so you use less, but it still must be made on-demand...
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History of HV Water Arc Explosions
